Last updated on: 5/24/2019 | Author: ProCon.org

Footnotes & Sources

The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following footnotes (directly referenced) and sources (used for general research and not directly referenced):
Footnotes:

  1. CDC, “School Vaccination Requirements, Exemptions and Web Links,” www.cdc.gov, July 21, 2011
  2. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, “All Timelines Overview,” www.chop.edu (accessed July 30, 2014)
  3. University of Massachusetts Medical School, “History of MassBiologics of the University of Massachusetts Medical School,” www.library.umassmed.edu (accessed July 30, 2014)
  4. Daniel A. Salmon, “Mandatory Immunization Laws and the Role of Medical, Religious and Philosophical Exemptions,” www.vaccinesafety.edu, Oct. 2003
  5. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, “Government Regulation,” www.chop.edu, Jan. 27, 2014
  6. James G. Hodge, Jr. and Lawrence O. Gostin, “School Vaccination Requirements: Historical, Social, and Legal Perspectives as of February 15, 2002: A State of the Art Assessment of Law and Policy,” www.publichealthlaw.net, Feb. 15, 2002
  7. Robert M. Wolfe, “Anti-Vaccination Activists, Past and Present,” British Medical Journal, Aug. 24, 2002
  8. “Opposed to Vaccination,” New York Times, Feb. 17, 1882
  9. Congressional Research Service, “Mandatory Vaccinations: Precedent and Current Laws,” www.fas.org, Jan. 18, 2005
  10. NobelPrize.org, “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901,” www.nobelprize.org (accessed July 31, 2014)
  11. Zucht v. King, United States Supreme Court, Nov. 13, 1922
  12. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, “The History of Vaccines: Timelines, Diseases and Vaccines,” www.historyofvaccines.org (accessed June 25, 2014)
  13. CDC, “Reported Cases and Deaths from Vaccine Preventable Diseases, United States, 1950-2011,” www.cdc.gov, Mar. 14, 2012
  14. “National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 (42 USC 201),” (3MB) Federal Register, Nov. 14, 1986
  15. Stephen Engelberg, “Vaccine: Assessing Risks and Benefits,” New York Times, Dec. 19, 1984
  16. US Court of Federal Claims Office of Special Masters, “Vaccine Program Background,” www.uscfc.uscourts.gov (accessed Dec. 11, 2009)
  17. US Department of Health and Human Services, “National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program,” www.hrsa.gov/vaccinecompensation/index.html (accessed Aug. 4, 2014)
  18. Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, “About the VAERS Program,” www.vaers.hhs.gov (accessed Aug. 4, 2014)
  19. “Comprehensive Child Immunization Act of 1993,” (118 KB) Federal Register, Nov. 4, 1993
  20. Andrew Wakefield, SH Murch, A. Anthony, et al., “RETRACTED: Illeal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,” www.thelancet.com, Feb. 1998
  21. CNN Wire Staff, “Retracted Autism Study an ‘Elaborate Fraud,’ British Journal Finds,” www.cnn.com, Jan 5,
  22. Simon H. Murch, Andrew Anthony, David H. Casson, et al., “Retraction of an Interpretation,” www.thelancet.com, Mar. 6, 2004
  23. Lancet Editors, “Retraction—Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,” www.thelancet.com, Feb. 6, 2010
  24. Fiona Goodlee, Jane Smith, and Harvey Marcovitch, “Wakefield’s Article Linking MMR Vaccine and Autism Was Fraudulent,” www.bmj.com, Jan. 6, 2011
  25. Maria Cheng, “Britain Bans Doctor Who Linked Autism to Vaccine,” Associated Press, May 24, 2010

     

  26. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “Thimerosal in Vaccines: A Joint Statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service,” (40 KB) www.cdc.gov, July 9, 1999
  27. US House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform Subcommittee on Human Rights and Wellness, “Mercury in Medicine – Taking Unnecessary Risks,” (259 KB) www.burton.house.gov, May 2003
  28. Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., “Deadly Immunity,” www.drjaygordon.com, Feb. 24, 2005
  29. US Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, “Thimerosal and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Alleged Misconduct by Government Agencies and Private Entities,” (64 KB) www.autismspeaks.org, Sep. 2007
  30. Institute for Vaccine Safety, “Thimerosal Table,” (62 KB) www.vaccinesafety.edu, Nov. 30, 2009
  31. Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Aug. 27, 2010
  32. Bruesewitz v. Wyeth, (377 KB) United States Supreme Court, Feb. 22, 2011
  33. Kathleen Stratton, Andrew Ford, Erin Rusch, and Ellen Wright Clayton, “Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality,” www.nap.edu, Aug. 25, 2011
  34. Institute of Medicine (IOM), “Report Brief – Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality,” www.nap.edu, Aug. 25, 2011
  35. V. Demicheli, A. Rivitti, M. G. Deblani, and C. Di Pietrantonj, “Using the Combined Vaccine for Protection of Children Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella,” www.summaries.cochrane.org, Feb. 15, 2012
  36. John Hinton, “Nearly 750 Local Students Who Lack Required Whooping Cough Vaccination Face Suspension,” www.journalnow.com, Sep. 23, 2013
  37. WLWT, “No School Recommended for Unvaccinated Kids,” www.wlwt.com, Apr. 16, 2014
  38. Amanda Marcotte, “A Great Ruling for Public Health and a Big Blow to the Anti-Vaccination Movement,” www.slate.com, June 25, 2014
  39. Dan Childs, “No School for You! Unvaccinated Students Shut Out,” www.abcnews.go.com, Sep. 16, 2011
  40. Benjamin Mueller, “Judge Upholds Policy Barring Unvaccinated Students during Illnesses,” www.nytimes.com, June 22, 2014
  41. Sydney Spiesel, “I’m a Pediatrician. Should I Treat All Kids, or Just the Vaccinated Ones?,” www.slate.com, Mar. 17, 2014
  42. Arthur L. Caplan, David Hoke, Nicholas J. Diamond, and Viktoriya Karshemboyem, “Free to Choose but Liable for the Consequences: Should Non-Vaccinators Be Penalized for the Harm They Do?,””www.academia.edu, Fall 2012
  43. American Academy of Pediatrics, “Vaccine Safety: The Facts,” www.aap.org, 2008
  44. Shot@Life, “The Solution: Vaccines,” www.shotatlife.org (accessed June 4, 2014)
  45. Bahar Gholipour, “Vaccination Has Saved 732,000 Children’s Lives Since 1994, Says Report,” www.huffingtonpost.com, Apr. 25, 2014
  46. Kelley King Heyworth, “Vaccines: The Reality behind the Debate,” www.parents.com (accessed June 9, 2014)
  47. FDA, “Thimerosal in Vaccines,” www.fda.gov, Mar. 14, 2014
  48. CDC, “Frequently Asked Questions about Vaccine Safety,” www.cdc.gov, Feb. 27, 2014
  49. CDC, “Possible Side-Effects from Vaccines,” www.cdc.gov, Feb. 4, 2014
  50. Nancy Shute, “Report: Vaccines Are Safe, Hazards Few and Far Between,” www.npr.org, Aug. 25, 2011
  51. US Department of Health and Human Services, “Safety,” www.vaccines.gov (accessed June 5, 2014)
  52. Matthew Herper, “Dear Jenny McCarthy, Here’s How Many Lives Could Be Saved Cheaply by Making Vaccines More Widely Available,” www.forbes.com, Apr. 16, 2014
  53. WHO, “Vaccine Position Papers,” www.who.int (accessed June 5, 2014)
  54. Public Health Agency of Canada, “Vaccine Safety: Frequently Asked Questions,” www.phac-aspc.gc.ca, Apr. 28, 2014
  55. Canadian Paediatric Society, “Vaccine Safety,” www.caringforkids.cps.ca, Nov. 2013
  56. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, “Top Reasons to Get Vaccinated,” www.nfid.org (accessed June 5, 2014)
  57. American Medical Association, “AMA Encourages Community-Clinical Partnerships to Increase Use of Preventative Health Services among Boomers,” www.ama-assn.org, Nov. 19, 2009
  58. American Academy of Family Physicians, “Confusion, Safety Concerns Contribute to Low Seasonal Flu Vaccine Coverage among Pregnant Women,” www.aafp.org, Aug. 4, 2009
  59. WHO, “What Are Some of the Myths – and Facts – about Vaccination?,” www.who.int, Apr. 2013
  60. Kathleen Dohenny, “Expert Q&A: Childhood Vaccine Safety,” www.webmd.com (accessed June 4, 2014)
  61. US Department of Health and Human Services, “Community Immunity (‘Herd Immunity’),” www.vaccines.gov (accessed June 5, 2014)
  62. Steven L. Weinreb, “For the Herd’s Sake, Vaccinate,” www.nytimes.com, Dec. 27, 2011
  63. David E. Sugerman, et al., “Measles Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population, San Diego, 2008: Role of the Intentionally Undervaccinated,” Pediatrics, Apr. 1, 2010
  64. Mark Fishetti, “Too Many Children Go Unvaccinated,” www.scientificamerican.com, May 14, 2013
  65. Gardiner Harris, “5 Cases of Polio in Amish Group Raises New Fears,” www.nytimes.com, Nov. 8, 2005
  66. Steven F. Hirsch, “Protecting the ‘Herd’: Why Vaccinations Still Matter,” www.washingtonparent.com, Aug. 2007
  67. CDC, “Five Important Reasons to Vaccinate Your Child,” www.cdc.gov, Apr. 8, 2011
  68. Michael Smith, “How Long Should Children Stay out of School after H1N1 Flu?,” www.kevinmd.com, Nov. 4, 2009
  69. CDC, “CDC Study: Treating Children’s Flu Illness Costly,” www.cdc.gov, May 21, 2012
  70. North Dakota Department of Health, “What Do I Need to Know? Rotavirus,” www.ndhealth.gov, Feb. 2006
  71. US Department of Health and Human Services, “The Affordable Care Act and Immunization,” www.hhs.gov, Jan. 20, 2012
  72. CDC, “About Rubella,” www.cdc.gov, Apr. 29, 2011
  73. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, “1941: Rubella Implicated in Congenital Defects,” www.historyofvaccines.org (accessed June 6, 2014)
  74. CDC, “Smallpox Disease Overview,” www.cdc.gov, Dec. 30, 2004
  75. Walter Orenstein, “Opening Session: An Overview of Vaccinology,” www.nfid.org, Nov. 15-17, 2013
  76. CDC, “Vaccine-Preventable Childhood Diseases,” www.cdc.gov, Feb. 25, 2012
  77. Polio Global Eradication Initiative, “Polio This Week as of 4 June 2014,” www.polioeradication.org, June 4, 2014
  78. CNN Staff, “Ohio Measles Outbreak Continues to Grow,” www.cnn.com, June 5, 2014
  79. CDC, “Measles,” www.cdc.gov, June 10, 2014
  80. David Satcher, “Statement on Risk vs Benefit of Vaccinations by David Satcher, M.D., PH.D.,” www.hhs.gov, Aug 3, 1999
  81. Mark Wilson, “How Just 3 Vaccines Can Save Us $63 Billion [Infographic],” www.fastcodesign.com, June 14, 2012
  82. Joseph M. Mercola, “Vaccines Have Serious Side Effects – The Institute of Medicine Says So!,” www.mercola.com, Sep. 27, 2011
  83. National Vaccine Information Center, “Autism,” www.nvic.org (accessed June 11, 2014)
  84. Robert W. Sears, “New Study Shows Possible Link between Environmental Mercury and Autism – What about Vaccine Mercury?,” www.askdrsears.com (accessed June 11, 2014)
  85. Robert W. Sears, “Vaccine FAQS: Aluminum Information from The Vaccine Book,” www.askdrsears.com (accessed June 11, 2014)
  86. VaxTruth, “Vaccine Ingredients – A Comprehensive Guide,” www.vaxtruth.org, Aug. 15, 2011
  87. CDC, “Ingredients of Vaccines – Fact Sheet,” www.cdc.gov. Feb. 22, 2011
  88. Jospeph M. Mercola, “MSG: Is This Silent Killer Lurking in Your Kitchen Cabinets,” www.mercola.com, Apr. 21, 2009
  89. National Vaccine Information Center, “Barbara Speaks Out!,” www.nvic.org (accessed June 11, 2014)
  90. Ron Paul, “Government Vaccines—Bad Policy, Bad Medicine,” www.vaccinationcouncil.org, Dec. 10, 2002
  91. Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute, “First Amendment,” www.law.cornell.edu (accessed June 11, 2014)
  92. Oyez, “Cantwell v. State of Connecticut,” www.oyez.org (accessed June 11, 2014)
  93. Mahesh Vidula, “Individual Rights vs. Public Health: The Vaccination Debate,” www.mit.edu (accessed June 11, 2014)
  94. Olivia K. Wenger, et al., “Underimmunization in Ohio’s Amish: Parental Fears Are a Greater Obstacle Than Access to Care,” www.pediatrics.aapublications.org, June 27, 2011
  95. Fraternitas Rosae Crucis, “The Church of Illumination: Tenet on Vaccination and Immunization,” www.soul.org, 2013
  96. Universal Family Church, “FAQ,” www.universalfamilychurch.org (accessed June 11, 2014)
  97. Vatican, “Moral Reflections on Vaccines Prepared from Cells Derived from Aborted Human Foetuses,” www.cogforlife.org, June 9, 2005
  98. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, “General Vaccine Safety Concerns,” www.chop.edu, Apr. 2013
  99. Mayo Clinic, “Childhood Vaccines: Tough Questions, Straight Answers,” www.mayoclinic.org, May 8, 2013
  100. Kurt Perkins, “Dr. Kurt: Why I Will Never Choose to Vaccinate My Own Son and Any Future Kids My Wife and I Have,” www.healthimpactnews.com, June 12, 2014
  101. A Shot of Truth, “Congressman Bill Posey Speaks on the Need for Openness and Transparency within the CDC on Issues of Vaccine Safety,” www.ashotoftruth.org, Apr. 8, 2014
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  103. Gregory Poland, “Vaccines against Lyme Disease: What Happened and What Lessons Can We Learn?,” www.cid.oxfordjournals.org, Feb. 1, 2011
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  105. CDC, “Keeping the U.S. Polio-Free,” www.cdc.gov, Mar. 19, 2014
  106. KidsHealth.org, “Chickenpox,” www.kidshealth.org, Sep. 2012
  107. CDC, “Measles Overview,” www.cdc.gov, June 3, 2014
  108. KidsHealth.org, “Measles,” www.kidshealth.org, Oct. 2011
  109. KidsHealth.org, “About Rubella,” www.kidshealth.org, July 2012
  110. CDC, “About Rotavirus: Symptoms,” www.cdc.gov, May 12, 2014
  111. WebMD, “Rotavirus – Topic Overview,” www.webmd.com, July 9, 2012
  112. Salon.com, “Correcting our Record,” www.salon.com, Jan. 16, 2011
  113. Sanjay Gupta, “Dr. Sanjay Gupta: Vaccines Are a Matter of Fact,” www.edition.cnn.com, Feb. 5, 2015
  114. Bharathi S. Gadad, “Administration of Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines to Infant Rhesus Macaques Does Not Result in Autism-Like Behavior,” www.pnas.org, Oct. 6, 2015
  115. Melissa Healy, “Old-School and Current Vaccines Have No Link to Autism (again), Study Says,” www.latimes.com, Sep. 28, 2015
  116. Maggie Fox, “Measles Has Been Eliminated in the Americas, WHO Says,” nbcnews.com, Sep. 27, 2016
  117. Michelle Goldstein, “10 Reasons Not to Vaccinate,” vactruth.com, Dec. 12, 2014
  118. Pan American Health Organization, “Americas Region Declared the World’s First to Eliminate Rubella,” paho.org, Apr. 29, 2015
  119. History of Vaccines, “Disease Eradication,” History of Vaccines website, Jan. 25, 2016
  120. History of Vaccines, “History of Polio (Poliomyelitis),” History of Vaccines website, Mar. 10, 2016
  121. CDC, “Instant Childhood Immunization Schedule,” cdc.gov, Feb. 1, 2016
  122. Anders Hviid, et al., “Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study,” annals.org, Mar. 5, 2019
  123. Wayne Drash, “Measles Quarantine Issued at Two California Universities,” cnn.com, Apr. 28, 2019
  124. CDC, “About Pertussis Outbreaks,” cdc.gov, Aug. 7, 2017
  125. Megan Henry, “The Cost of This Century’s Worst Measles Outbreak,” foxbusiness.com, Apr. 27, 2019
  126. Nathaniel Weixel, “Measles Outbreak Spreads to 24 States,” thehill.com, May 20, 2019
  127. WHO, “Global Wild Poliovirus 2014 – 2019,” polioeradication.org, May 14, 2019
  128. CDC, “NIIW (National Infant Immunization Week),” cdc.gov, Feb. 13, 2019
  129. CDC, “Pink Book Appendix E: Reported Cases and Deaths from Vaccine Preventable Diseases, United States,” cdc.gov, Mar. 2018
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